Active audience: engages, interprets and responds to a media text in different ways and is capable of challenging the ideas encoded in it
Auteur: a filmmaker whose individual style and complete control over all elements of production give a film its personal and unique stamp, has great influence on the film
Camera: a device used to take photographs or produce films
Camera Dolly: a wheeled cart or similar device used in filmmaking and television production to create smooth horizontal camera movements
Code: a system of signs or symbols which are used to communicate meaning
Connotation: a word that suggests a different association than its literal meaning
Convention: the commonly accepted meaning created by the codes
Crane: a crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a moving crane or jib
Cross-cutting: video editing technique of switching back and forth between scenes, often giving the
impression that the action occurring in different locations is unfolding at the same moment.
Cut: transition from one shot into another
Decode: to convert coded message into intelligible form
Denotation: the literal straightforward definition of a word
Desensitization occurs when an audience is repeatedly exposed to shocking or violent content. Repeated experience numbs the effect
Diegetic Sounds: those that link to something visible on screen, and can also be heard by the characters. This includes dialogue and the sounds of objects/things on the screen
Dissolve: This occurs when the beginning of one shot gradually overlaps the end of another
Dolly: when the camera moves closer to a subject, a dolly out is when it moves further away
Editing: the act of changing texts or film, deciding what will be removed, kept, and arranged in a media
Encode: to convert from one system of communication into another
Fade: transition used in visual media, in which the transition is at first black, fading to a visual image
Flashback: a scene that takes place before a story begins
Hypodermic needle theory is a model of communication suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver
Iris: provides an alternative to a fade-in or fade-out. Use this playful masking technique to draw the viewer's attention creatively to something specific before the rest of a scene comes fully into view
Mise-en-scene: everything within the frame
Negotiated Reading: the audience understands the meaning and connotations of a text, but they may
reject certain elements too
Non-Diegetic Sounds: all of the sounds that the audience hears but the characters cannot - this could be narration, ambient sound, “mood” music, and some sound effects
Oppositional Reading: the audience rejects the texts meaning - might not even engage with the text
Pan: when the camera moves horizontally to reveal more information about the setting or surrounding - sometimes used to establish a scene that can not all fit within one shot
Passive audience: more likely to accept the messages encoded in a media text without challenge and are therefore more likely to be directly affected by the messages
Preferred Reading: the audience decodes the text exactly as the producer intended - maybe they have the same ideological position
Representations: Presentation of ideas, places, people, groups, and things in media products.
Reverse Shot: film technique that involves two characters in the same scene who are filmed separately using different camera angle.
Reverse Zoom: The opposite of zoom - more commonly known as zoom out
Stereotypes: dominant ideologies held by culture about groups, places, ideas, and things reflecting the hegemonic ideals shared by the producing culture.
Sound: something that can be heard
Tilt: when the camera tilts vertically to reveal more information about the setting - often used to give the viewer more information about the objects or characteristic or the outfit of character
Track/ Tracking: when the camera is following the subject
Zoom: when the zoom (camera feature) moves in on a character or object, to show more detail
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